Tituba and The Salem Witch Trials of 1692

Tituba and The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 Tituba was among the initial three individuals blamed for being a witch during the Salem witch preliminaries of 1692. She admitted to black magic and blamed others. Tituba, otherwise called Tituba Indian, was aâ household slave and hireling whose birth and demise dates are obscure. Tituba Biography Little is known about Titubas foundation or even source. Samuel Parris, later to assume a focal job in the Salem witch preliminaries of 1692 as the town serve, carried three subjugated people with him when he came to Massachusetts from New Spain Barbados in the Caribbean. We can figure from the conditions that Parris acquired responsibility for in Barbados, likely when she was twelve or a couple of years more seasoned. We don't have the foggiest idea whether he got such possession in repayment of an obligation, however that story has been acknowledged by a few. Parris was, at the time he was in New Spain, not yet wedded and not yet a priest. At the point when Samuel Parris moved to Boston from New Spain, he brought Tituba, John Indian and a little youngster with him as family unit slaves. In Boston, he wedded and later turned into a pastor. Tituba filled in as a servant. In Salem Village Fire up. Samuel Parris moved to Salem Village in 1688, a possibility for the situation of Salem Village serve. In around 1689, Tituba and John Indian appear to have hitched. In 1689 Parris was officially called as the pastor, given a full deed to the parsonage, and the Salem Village church sanction was agreed upon. Tituba would not likely have been straightforwardly associated with the developing church strife including Rev. Parris. Be that as it may, since the contention remembered retaining compensation and installment for kindling, and Parris whined about the impact on his family, Tituba most likely would likewise have felt the deficiency of kindling and food in the house. She would likewise have likely known about the turmoil in the network when attacks were propelled in New England, firing up again in 1689 (and called King Williams War), with New France utilizing both French warriors and nearby Indians to battle against the English pilgrims. Regardless of whether she knew about the political clashes around Massachusetts status as a settlement isn't known. Regardless of whether she knew about Rev. Parris messages in late 1691 notice of Satans impact around is additionally not known, yet it appears to be likely that his feelings of trepidation were known in his family unit. Pains and Accusations Begin In mid 1692, three young ladies with associations with the Parris family started to show bizarre conduct. One was Elizabeth (Betty) Parris, the nine-year-old little girl of Rev. Parris and his significant other. Another was Abigail Williams, age 12, called family or a niece of Rev. Parris. She may have filled in as a family unit hireling and an ally to Betty. The third young lady was Ann Putnam Jr., who was the little girl of a key supporter of Rev. Parris in the Salem Village church struggle. There is no source before the last 50% of the nineteenth century, remembering transcripts of declaration for the assessments and preliminaries, that bolsters that Tituba and the young ladies who were informers polished any enchantment together. To discover what was causing the burdens, a nearby specialist (apparently William Griggs) and a neighboring clergyman, Rev. John Hale, were brought in by Parris. Tituba later affirmed that she saw dreams of the fiend and witches amassing. The specialist analyzed the reason for the tribulations as Evil Hand. A neighbor of the Parris family, Mary Sibley, prompted John Indian and perhaps Tituba to make a witchs cake to recognize the reason for the underlying sufferings of Betty Parris and Abigail Williams. The following day, Betty and Abigail named Tituba as a reason for their conduct. Tituba was blamed by the little youngsters for appearing to them (as a soul), which added up to an allegation of black magic. Tituba was interrogated concerning her job. Fire up. Parris beat Tituba to attempt to get an admission from her. Tituba Arrested and Examined On February 29, 1692, a capture warrant was given for Tituba in Salem Town. Capture warrants were additionally given for Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne. Every one of the three of the blamed were inspected the following day at Nathaniel Ingersolls bar in Salem Village by neighborhood judges Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne. In that assessment, Tituba admitted, naming both Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good as witches and portraying their ghostly developments, incorporating meeting with the fiend. Sarah Good guaranteed her honesty yet embroiled Tituba and Osborne. Tituba was addressed for two additional days. Titubas admission, by the guidelines of the court, shielded her from being attempted later with others, including the individuals who were in the long run seen as liable and executed. Tituba apologized as far as it matters for her, saying she adored Betty and intended no damage. She remembered for her admission confounded stories of black magic all perfect with English people convictions, not voodoo as some have claimed. Tituba herself went into a fit, professing to be harrowed. After the officers completed their assessment of Tituba, she was sent to prison. While she was detained, two others blamed her for being one of a few ladies whose apparitions theyd seen flying. John Indian, through the preliminaries, additionally had various fits when present for the assessment of charged witches. Some have hypothesized this was a method of avoiding further doubt of himself or his significant other. Tituba herself is scarcely referenced in the records after her underlying capture, assessment, and admission. The Rev. Parris vowed to pay the expense to permit Tituba to be discharged from jail. Under the guidelines of the province, like principles in England, even somebody discovered guiltless needed to pay for costs brought about to detain and take care of them before they could be discharged. Be that as it may, Tituba retracted her admission, and Parris never paid the fine, probably in counter for her recantation. After the Trials The following spring, the preliminaries finished and different detained people were discharged once their fines were paid. Somebody paid seven pounds for Titubas discharge. Probably, whoever paid the fine had bought Tituba from Parris. A similar individual may have bought John Indian; the two of them vanish from every known record after Titubas discharge. A couple of chronicles notice a girl, Violet, who stayed with the Parris family. Tituba in Fiction Arthur Miller incorporates Tituba in his 1952 play, The Crucible, which utilizes the Salem witch preliminaries as a representation or similarity to twentieth century McCarthyism, the interest, and boycotting of denounced Communists. Tituba is portrayed in Millers show as starting black magic as play among the young ladies of Salem Village.In 1964, Ann Petry distributed Tituba of Salem Village, composed for kids ten and older.Maryse Condã ©, a French Caribbean essayist, distributed I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem which contends that Tituba was of dark African heritage.â Tituba Bibliography Notwithstanding makes reference to in different assets in the general Salem Witch preliminaries book reference, these references might be particularly useful in finding out about Tituba: Elaine Breslaw. Tituba, Reluctant Witch of Salem: Devilish Indians and Puritan Fantasies. 1996.Chadwick Hansen. The Metamorphosis of Tituba, or Why American Intellectuals Cant Tell an Indian Witch from a Negro. The New England Quarterly, March 1974.Bernard Rosenthal. Titubas Story. The New England Quarterly, June 1998.Bernard Rosenthal. Dim Eve. Entranced: Women and Witchcraft in America. Altered by Elizabeth Ries. 1998.

Csr 2010 Details of Cipla free essay sample

| CSR 2010 Details of Cipla Ltd. , Mumbai, Maharashtra| Cipla Ltd.  Corporate Social Responsibility Activities are as per the following |  Company Profile| Companys Slogan| | Companys Vision| | Companys Mission| | Special Notes| As before, Cipla has put forth an extraordinary attempt to deliver this report requiring little to no effort, without trading off its quality or substance prompting a sparing of Rs 41 lakhs. This sum has been given to Cipla Public Charitable Trust. | Company Type| Private Sector | Industry Sector| Pharmaceuticals | Products/Services| 1. Amoxycillin 2. Salmeterol 3. Ciprofloxacin| | No. of employees| Not Disclosed | Other areas of production lines/offices| Plant Locations: Bengaluru (Karnataka), Raigad (Maharashtra), Daund (Maharashtra), Salcette (Goa), Baddi (Himachal Pradesh), Rangpoo (Sikkim), Dhar (Madhya Pradesh) | Financial outcome for time period| April 2009 March 2010 |  â â Sales| Rs. 5713 Crores | Profit before tax| Rs. 1326 Crores | Net benefit after tax| Rs. 1083 Crores | CSR Budget| Not Disclosed | Remuneration of MD/CEO| Rs. 13 Crores | CSR Activities| Trust/Foundation for CSR| Cipla Public Charitable Trust | CSR Areas| 1. Network Welfare 2. Healthcare| | Three principle CSR activities| 1. Palliative Care Center 2. Preparing in Palliative Care| | Publish Sustainability Report| No | CSR exercises to sum things up | CSR informationâ mentioned in the yearly report, is same as the earlier year. Yearly Report, Pg. 15CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The Cipla Palliative Care and Training Center in Pune keeps on giving consideration to critically ill malignant growth patients. As of date, the Center has given solace and comfort to in excess of 6000 patients. The attention is on connecting with increasingly more malignant growth patients who need palliative consideration and on incorporating palliative medication with therapeudic treatment. What's more, the Company kept on supporting the advancement of training and network government assistance, both legitimately and through its magnanimous trusts. As respects condition care, the Company kept on looking after present day, very much planned profluent treatment plants at its production lines. Rewarded water from these â€Å"zero discharge† offices is utilized for keeping up a green belt at all the areas. The Company routinely attempts different imaginative measures to ration vitality, decrease wastage and advance utilization. CSR data referenced as on 12/1/2011â on the site is equivalent to the earlier year. http://www. cipla. com/corporateprofile/foundation. htm Cipla CareTEACHING PALLIATIVE CARE Dr. K. A. Hamied Institute The study of dealing with the at death's door through palliative consideration doesn't yet shape some portion of the clinical educational program in our nation. Despite the fact that there are a couple of organizations doing some generally excellent work, the undertaking ahead is tremendous, taking into account that disease alone includes seven lakh terminal patients consistently. If one somehow happened to tally the disastrous survivors of different infections as well, the greatness of the difficult will turn into somewhat more obvious. While a great deal stays to be never really even fundamental corrective consideration to millions, broadening palliative consideration is a considerably increasingly complex errand. One approach to start is to attempt to instruct palliative consideration to the same number of specialists, nursing faculty and socio-clinical laborers from everywhere throughout the nation. This is the essential point behind The Dr K A Hamied Institute for Education and Research in Palliative Care Science set up by the Cipla Foundation. The Institute was introduced on October 31, 1998, the birth centennial year of Dr K A Hamied, the author of Cipla Ltd. Dr V D Karad, notable educationalist and UNESCO Chair Holder for Peace, Democracy and Human Rights, revealed a craftsmen point of view of the proposed Institute working to stamp the dispatch. Head Bal Gadgil, Vice President of Symbiosis Center, Pune was unique Guest of Honor at the capacity. Dr Y K Hamied, Chairman and Managing Director of Cipla Ltd. what's more, N A Raje, Managing Trustee of the Cipla Foundation were available on the event. - Cipla Cancer Palliative Care and Training Centreâ http://www. cipla. com/corporateprofile/careandeducation. htm http://www. carebeyondcure. organization/association. htm The Cipla Center, Warje, Pune was begun on May 1, 1997. Directly from the earliest starting point, it was imagined as a one of a kind model for far reaching palliative consideration. This called for collaboration, incorporating different aptitudes. In this way, notwithstanding a center group of one specialist and two senior ladies who experienced preparing at Oxford, UK, the Center likewise looked for exhortation from other worldwide specialists. The Cipla Palliative Care Center is under the consideration and oversight of capable trustees:  Dr. Y. K. Hamied Mr. M. K. Hamied Mr. Ramesh Shroff Mr. S. A. A. Pinto Mr. Amar Lulla Mr. S. V. Iyer The middle accepts that until the second one passes on, one has the option to live and take advantage of it. The accentuation should be on life as opposed to death. Along these lines, as opposed to name the Center as a hospice †which has discouraging meanings †it was named a Palliative Care Center. The center became advancing wellbeing and improving life. The Center likewise runs an Education, Research and Training Institute, where preparing in palliative consideration is bestowed to specialists and medical attendants. It is additionally a claim to fame community for relief from discomfort †an unquestionable requirement for family doctors. Throughout the years, the Center has rewarded more than 5000 patients, with over 80% of them in cutting edge phases of malignant growth. The attention on ‘approach, ‘effort, ‘success has paid off. | Additional CSR Information | - | CSR Contact Person| Name of contact person| Dr. Priyadarshini Kulkarni | Designation| | Organization Name| Cipla Palliative Care and Training Center | Contact Address| Survey No. 118/1, Warje, Off Mumbai-Bangalore Bypass Road , Pune 411058. | Phone| 020 25231130/1 | Fax | 020 25231133 | Email Id | [emailprotected] organization  â [emailprotected] organization | CSR Website/Section | www. carebeyondcure. organization | Company Contact Information| Company Name| Cipla Ltd. | Registered Address | Mumbai Central Maharashtra, Mumbai 400 008 | Phone| 022 2308 2891, 2309 5521 | Fax| 022 2307 0013, 2307 0393 | Email id | [emailprotected] com  â | Website | http://www. ipla. com | Year of Establishment| 1935 | Name of the Chairman/CEO| Mr. Amar Lulla | Designation| Managing Director | Karmayog CSR 2010 Rating| 2/5 | Link | http://www. karmayog. organization/csr2010/csrall/csrdetails. aspx? id=375 | Karmayog CSR 2009 Rating| 2/5 | Link| http://www. karmayog. organization/csr2009/csrdetails. aspx? id=607 | Karmayog CSR 2008 Rating| 2/5 | Link| http://www. karmayog. organiz ation/csr1to500/csr1to500_19671. htm | Karmayog CSR 2007 Rating| 2/5 | Link| http://www. karmayog. organization/csr500companies/csr500companies_7574. htm |  | Posted on : 12 Jan, 2011| |

Reading Response: “Lines of Life” Landon

Lines 101 to 104 in Lines of Life by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, she utilizes symbolism and reiteration to portray what the peruser can accept to be her definitive dream as a craftsman; likewise I accept this refrain specifically encourages the peruser to comprehend why she picked this title. The commentaries of the Norton content discloses to us that Landon’s, â€Å"Title may reference Shakespeare’s poem 16†¦questioning the intensity of craftsmanship to give immortality†. I concur with this examination due to lines 101 to 104 in the sonnet. In lines 101 and 102 Landon utilizes symbolism to delineate the area of a â€Å"pale youth by his diminish light, himself a withering flame†.The language Landon utilizes is successful in making a dream for the peruser. The repition of the picture of a fire is likewise viable in portraying a dream for the peruser. Likewise, when Landon specifies that the, â€Å"pale youth† is, â€Å"Himself a perishing flameà ¢â‚¬  it helps the peruser to remember his mortality. This accentuation of mortality likewise fortifies my determination to concur with the content that the title is a reference to Shakespeare’s work 16. In lines 103 and 104 Landon says, â€Å"From numerous an antique look close to, pick what bears my name? The language Landon utilizes demonstrates that the picture of the â€Å"pale youth† is far later on in light of the fact that her work is a â€Å"antique scroll†. Landon, proceeding to utilize striking symbolism, is by and by underlining the thought that her work will make her interminable; not in the strict sense, yet as in however she might be truly dead her thoughts live on everlastingly and be esteemed by people in the future; again reinforcing the contention that the content makes, that the title of this piece is a reference to Shakespeare’s Sonnet 16.

@The Failure Of Ethan Frome Essay Example For Students

@The Failure Of Ethan Frome Essay The Failure of Ethan FromeBy (Your name here)Ethan Frome, the primary character in the book entitled Ethan Frome, by Edith Wharton, has numerous mind boggling issues going on simultaneously. His family has passed on and he has a spouse that is constantly wiped out, and the main type of joy he has is from his wifes cousin Mattie. This, be that as it may, on occasion ends up being hard a direct result of Ethans wifes impedance. Nothing is by all accounts going in Ethans favor. The primary subject of the book is disappointment, and this is appeared through wedding his better half, not having the option to confront his significant other, and his inclusion concerning the crush up. The primary way disappointment is appeared in the book is through the marriage of Ethan and his significant other. He wedded her since she had attempted to assist his with mothering recuperate from a sickness, and once his mom kicked the bucket he was unable to shoulder the idea of living in the house alone. His better half was seven years his senior and consistently appeared to have a sickness. It appeared to be all she could possibly do was gripe, and he disdained this since it smothered his developing soul. Since his significant other was consistently sick, and her cousin required a spot to remain, he and his better half took her cousin in to help around the house. Ethan took a prompt jumping at the chance to her cousin, Mattie, on the grounds that she brought a splendid light upon his grim day. He appeared to have discovered somebody that thought about him, was constantly cheerful and could share his childhood, dissimilar to his wiped out spouse who consistently bothered him. He yearned to be with Mattie; anyway he had steadfastness to his better half. Being hitched to an inappropriate individual end up being Ethans first disappointment. Ethans second disappointment was not having the option to face his significant other. His significant other asserted that another specialist said that she was incredibly debilitated, and required more assistance around the house. She let him know with no conversation that Mattie needed to go. Ethan couldn't discover the words to settle on her modify her choice. His better half likewise concluded that Mattie needed to leave the following day and Ethan couldn't take care of business. It was expressed in the book that his significant other had the high ground in the house by the line Now she his better half had aced him Ethan and he complied with her. Ethan just couldn't locate the correct comments and it was a result of his disappointment in not having the option to confront his better half; he would lose the main thing that fulfilled him. Ethans last disappointment was the manner in which he altered his and Matties lives in regards to the crush up. He so frantically needed to flee with Mattie, however he couldn't on the grounds that his reasonable sense revealed to him it was not plausible to do as such. Mattie needed so frantically to be with Ethan, that she recommended that, the best way to remain together everlastingly, was to bite the dust together. It was Ethans occupation to guide into the tree with the sled so it resembled an incidental passing rather than self destruction. Rather than running unequivocally into the tree, in any case, he didn't hit the tree straight on, and it didn't slaughter both of them. Rather it simply harmed them , and these wounds remained with them until the end of time. Along these lines Ethan had his last disappointment in not prevailing to kick the bucket with his adoration; rather he needed to live with the blame from his better half, the harmed Mattie, and broken dreams. It appears to be amusing that, at long last, Mattie , who was cheerful and upbeat, turns out to be especially similar to his wiped out spouse, who has, somewhat, assumed control over the consideration of both Ethan and Mattie. In these three different ways, in wedding an inappropriate individual, in not having the option to face his better half, and in his disappointment in the crush up, the proof is indicated that the primary subject of the book is disappointment. .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 , .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 .postImageUrl , .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 , .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63:hover , .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63:visited , .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63:active { border:0!important; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63:active , .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc2feb40cc1 ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc2feb40cc1ad6ae2f6c3d90003b71e63:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: . You are catching your impressions of a scene be Essay It appears that everything Ethan attempted to do, neutralized his kindness. With all the occurrences that happened it appeared to be inescapable that his life would consistently be a series of disappointments. There is no glad consummation for Ethan Frome.Words/Pages : 747/24

Alternative Views Of Intelligence Example

Alternative Views Of Intelligence Example Alternative Views Of Intelligence â€" Assignment Example > “Multiple Intelligence” Theory and its Educational ImpactIntelligence: Poorly Defined and Politically LoadedMost people would agree that some people are “smarter” than others: that is to say, that there is some kind of mental ability of which some of us have more, and others less. Beyond this very basic observation, however, consensus breaks down. Intelligence is something that we all sense exists, and yet it is extraordinarily difficult to define precisely. What, exactly, is intelligence? Andâ€"perhaps even more importantlyâ€"how can it be measured? Intelligence is a key component of our identity as humans. We are, after all, not the fastest creatures on Earth, nor the strongest, nor even the best looking; but we are by far the smartest species on our planet. To be more intelligent, then, is to be in some way more human; and conversely, to be less intelligent is to be less than fully humanâ€"to be, to some degree, an “animal”. It is unsurprising, then, that intelligen ce has long been used as a means of ranking peopleâ€"both individually and collectively. The topic of intelligence has thus become not only a scientific and philosophical question, but also a highly political one. Traditional Views of IntelligenceSince we firmly believe that “smarter” is “better”, and since we are endlessly obsessed with comparing ourselves to others in order to establish hierarchies of merit (preferably with ourselves and our peers at the top), it is only natural that we seek some way of systematically measuring intelligence. Further, a meaningful way to measure mental ability would be very useful to our modern, large-scale, bureaucratized educational systems. But until one hundred years ago, when Alfred Binet designed the first test of what eventually became known as “IQ”, there was no convenient means of quantifying intelligence (Reingold). Before Binet’s innovation, scientists attempted to measure intelligence through physical means; for example, they measured brain sizes by pouring lead shot into skull cavities, or measured the heads of living people. In some cases these researchers were attempting to validate supposed differences in the intelligence of various races and between men and women; they expected, of course, that white males would be shown to be the people with the largest brains, and thus, “obviously”, the most intelligent. In other casesâ€"including Binet’s own attempts to quantify intelligence by physical means, before he began to create performance-related testsâ€"racism and sexism were not involved. In any case, none of these efforts yielded meaningful results (Gould, p. 146; see also Chapters 2-4). The French government commissioned Binet to create a practical means of testing intelligence in 1904, in order to identify at a young age those children who were likely to have problems mastering school subjects, so that they could receive special education. Having already determined that physical testing was worthless for this purpose, Binet created what evolved into modern IQ testing. It is perhaps worth noting that IQ was invented in the service of an educational system thatâ€"since Napoleon’s dayâ€"has been known for a high degree of intellectual regimentation and inflexibility.

Alternative Views Of Intelligence Example

Alternative Views Of Intelligence Example Alternative Views Of Intelligence â€" Assignment Example > “Multiple Intelligence” Theory and its Educational ImpactIntelligence: Poorly Defined and Politically LoadedMost people would agree that some people are “smarter” than others: that is to say, that there is some kind of mental ability of which some of us have more, and others less. Beyond this very basic observation, however, consensus breaks down. Intelligence is something that we all sense exists, and yet it is extraordinarily difficult to define precisely. What, exactly, is intelligence? Andâ€"perhaps even more importantlyâ€"how can it be measured? Intelligence is a key component of our identity as humans. We are, after all, not the fastest creatures on Earth, nor the strongest, nor even the best looking; but we are by far the smartest species on our planet. To be more intelligent, then, is to be in some way more human; and conversely, to be less intelligent is to be less than fully humanâ€"to be, to some degree, an “animal”. It is unsurprising, then, that intelligen ce has long been used as a means of ranking peopleâ€"both individually and collectively. The topic of intelligence has thus become not only a scientific and philosophical question, but also a highly political one. Traditional Views of IntelligenceSince we firmly believe that “smarter” is “better”, and since we are endlessly obsessed with comparing ourselves to others in order to establish hierarchies of merit (preferably with ourselves and our peers at the top), it is only natural that we seek some way of systematically measuring intelligence. Further, a meaningful way to measure mental ability would be very useful to our modern, large-scale, bureaucratized educational systems. But until one hundred years ago, when Alfred Binet designed the first test of what eventually became known as “IQ”, there was no convenient means of quantifying intelligence (Reingold). Before Binet’s innovation, scientists attempted to measure intelligence through physical means; for example, they measured brain sizes by pouring lead shot into skull cavities, or measured the heads of living people. In some cases these researchers were attempting to validate supposed differences in the intelligence of various races and between men and women; they expected, of course, that white males would be shown to be the people with the largest brains, and thus, “obviously”, the most intelligent. In other casesâ€"including Binet’s own attempts to quantify intelligence by physical means, before he began to create performance-related testsâ€"racism and sexism were not involved. In any case, none of these efforts yielded meaningful results (Gould, p. 146; see also Chapters 2-4). The French government commissioned Binet to create a practical means of testing intelligence in 1904, in order to identify at a young age those children who were likely to have problems mastering school subjects, so that they could receive special education. Having already determined that physical testing was worthless for this purpose, Binet created what evolved into modern IQ testing. It is perhaps worth noting that IQ was invented in the service of an educational system thatâ€"since Napoleon’s dayâ€"has been known for a high degree of intellectual regimentation and inflexibility.

Case Study Writing Assignment and IEP Goals Steven - 550 Words

Case Study Writing Assignment and IEP Goals: Steven (Case Study Sample) Content: Practical strategic thinkingStudents NameAffiliate InstitutionInstructors NameCourseDateCase study IEP goals: StevenGoals a. The trainer being able to understand what is meant by special needs and being able to understand some of the challenges faced by the trainees.b. To let the trainees explore different ways to help children with disabilities in the classroom.Task one - brainstorming on who the children with special needs are 1. As the trainee calls out their ideas, the trainers write down their ideas on the board.*the trainers should not correct the trainees ideas or tend to give them any answers*Task two - case study of children with special needs2. The trainer should tell the trainee to get into a group of 4-5 people. 3. The trainer should be able to give a copy of the 4 case study to each group.4. Trainer tells the trainee to read the case study and discuss the question in groups i.e. what are the difficulties faced by this children?5. Trainer monitors.6. The t rainer shows fairness by calling on one person from each group to present his or her answer on the case study to the class.For example.Case study Difficulties faced by the children1.2. 7. The trainer asks if they know of any children with difficulties like Steven. 8. The trainer listens to the stories narrated by the children regarding those with similar difficulties as Steven